Ceranisus menes (Walker, 1839)

Entedoninae, Eulophidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera

Figure 1	Figure 2	Figure 3	Figure 4
Figure 5	Figure 6	Figure 7	Figure 8
Figure 9

Figures

Fig. 1: Head, mesosoma and metasoma, dorsal
Fig. 2: Antenna
Fig. 3: Clava of antenna
Fig. 4: Funicle segments
Fig. 5: Head dorsal with vertexal suture
Fig. 6: Mesosoma dorsal with mesoscutum and scutellum
Fig. 7: Fore wing
Fig. 8: Metasoma
Fig. 9: Petiole

Ceranisus menes is a larval endoparasitoid of various thrips species belonging to the family Thripidae. Female: length < 1 mm. Head and mesosoma dark brown; gaster completely yellow to light brown or at least basally yellow to light brown and distally dark brown; coxae brown; antenna, femora, tibiae and tarsi pale yellow (Fig. 1). On head vertexal suture straight; frontal grooves reaching eye at level of anterior (median) ocellus (Fig. 5); malar sulcus present, entire and straight. Antenna with scape slightly broadened medially, about 4.4 x as long as wide; 2 funicle segments subequal, F1 and F2 a little longer than wide and with 1 or 2 sensilla, 2-segmented clava about 2.5 x as long as wide, distal and basal claval segment subequal; distal segment with distinct apical spicula (Fig. 2, 3, 4). Mesosoma shorter than metasoma, almost smooth; midlobe of mesoscutum with 2 pairs of setae; anterior margin of scutellum straight (Fig. 1, 6). Fore wing broadened beyond submarginal vein, about 3.0 x as long as wide; longest marginal setae about 1/3 maximal width of fore wing; disc hyaline, with numerous short setae, more or less uniformly setose beyond base of marginal vein except for a distinct semi-oval bare area at posterior margin behind base of marginal vein, which is demarcated anteriorly by a sinuate line of setae; postmarginal vein slightly shorter than stigmal vein (Fig. 7). Hind wing about 8.5 x as long as wide; longest marginal setae 1.5 x as long as wing's maximal width. Petiole about 1.2 x as wide as long (Fig. 9). Ovipositor occupying 4/5 length of metasoma; slightly exserted; ovipositor length/metatibia length ratio about 1.5-1.3:1 (Fig. 8).
Male similar in size and coloration to female, except metasoma always brown; antenna with very long and enlarged setae, clava 3-segmented.

The Genus Ceranisus Walker, 1842
This genus comprises about 22 described species. All known species of Ceranisus are solitary, internal parasitoids of the larval stages of various Thripidae (Terebrantia), and have worldwide distribution. All species of the genus have the following features: Body colour yellow to dark brown or black; head usually with a more or less distinct occipital suture (straight, sinuate or angulate) across vertex just behind posterior ocelli, frontal grooves reaching eye at level of anterior (median) ocellus; malar sulcus present, entire and straight in most species; mandible reduced and without teeth; flagellum of female antenna with 2 funicle segments and a distinct 2- or rarely 3-segmented clava; male antenna often with a swollen scape, male flagellum with funicle 2-segmented and clava 3-segmented; apical claval segment with an apical spicula in both sexes; notauli usually indistinct, sometimes distinct but faint; midlobe of mesoscutum almost always with 2 pairs of setae (except with 1 such pair in most Ceranisus russelli); anterior margin of scutellum straight; fore wing broadened beyond submarginal vein, longest marginal setae at most equal to (usually much less than) width of fore wing; petiole at most as long as wide, usually notably wider than long (Schauff 1991; Triapitsyn 2005). Triapitsyn & Headrick (1995) reviewed the Nearctic species of Ceranisus; Triapitsyn & Morse (2005) revised the New World fauna of the genus. Triapitsyn (2005) gave a world taxonomic revision of Ceranisus and three other related entedonine genera of thrips parasitoids, and Loomans & van Lenteren (1995) provided an overview of the described thrips parasitoids and their importance for biological control of thrips pests.

The species differs from Ceranisus femoratus in having the gaster completely yellow to light brown or at least basally yellow to light brown and distally dark brown, a vertexal suture that is straight, a fore wing disc with a distinct semi-oval bare area at posterior margin behind base of marginal vein, which is demarcated anteriorly by a sinuate line of setae, and the petiole is almost as wide as long. Whereas in Ceranisus femoratus the gaster is completely brown to dark brown, the vertexal suture is notably angulate and broadly Y-shaped, the fore wing disc possesses a narrow bare area along posterior margin behind base of marginal vein, which is demarcated anteriorly by a more or less straight cubital setal line, and the petiole is about 2 x wider than long.
Ceranisus and other genera differs from Goetheana by the shape of the antennal funicle segments (in Goetheana funicle segment F1 much smaller than F2, F2 almost fused with clava; in other genera the funicle segments F1 and F2 are subequal), the shape of the fore wing (narrow and recurved below the submarginal vein in Goetheana; species of the genera Entedemophale, Ceranisus and Thripobius with fore wings broadened beyond submarginal vein), and the length of marginal seta of fore wing (in Goetheana the longest marginal setae much greater than width of fore wing; other genera with longest marginal setae at most equal to width of fore wing, but usually much less than width of fore wing). The chaetotaxy of the fore wing disc differs in the genera: in Goetheana the setae commences beyond base of marginal vein and scattered in 2 or 3 broken rows toward the apex of the wing, in Entedemophale the fore wing is evenly setose in apical half and bare in basal half, and in Ceranisus and Thripobius the fore wing is uniformly setose beyond base of marginal vein except for a bare area at posterior margin behind base of marginal vein, which is demarcated anteriorly by a sinuate or straight line of setae. Compared to Entedemophale, species of Ceranisus and Thripobius have the antennal clava of females distinctly segmented (Thripobius with 3-segmented and Ceranisus with 2-segmented clava), and the apical spicula of clava is present. Whereas in Entedemophale the antennal clava of females is unsegmented and without apical spicula. Entedemophale as well as Thripobius have an inverted Y-shaped malar sutures (in Ceranisus entire and straight). Compared to species of Ceranisus, in Thripobius antennal funicle segments F1 has 1 long sensillum, F2 no sensilla, on head the malar sulcus is split ventrally, the frontal grooves reaching eyes above level of median ocellus, sometimes ending in vertexal suture, the midlobe of mesoscutum has 0 or 1 pair of setae. Whereas in Ceranisus each antennal funicle segment has 1 or 2 short sensilla, on head malar sulcus is entire and straight, the frontal grooves reaching eyes at level of anterior (median) ocellus, the midlobe of mesoscutum has 2 pairs of setae.

Ceranisus menes reproduces both by arrhenotokous and thelytokous parthenogenesis. Females are more abundant in nature, but sex ratio may change under laboratory rearing conditions due to arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Uniparental populations have been reported from several countries. In Europe, Israel only females are observed, while in Asia both males and females are observed in the field (Loomans & van Lenteren 1995). Few males were observed in collections from East Africa (Subramanian, Personnel communication). Development time of Ceranisus menes is highly variable depending on the the host and the climatic conditions. The total life cycle can vary from 10.8-130.5 days depending on the temperature, the thrips species that has been parasitized, and geographical origin of the parasitoid (Loomans et al. 1997; Loomans & van Lenteren 1995). Within a single thrips host like, Thrips tabaci the total development time could vary from 25-28 days at 25° C (Carl 1971) to 130.5 days at 17.5° C (Murai 1990).

Major host genera/species
Ceranisus menes has been recorded from over 20 species, Thripinae and Panchaetothripinae (Loomans & van Lenteren 1995): Caliothrips phaseoli, Ceratothripoides (Ceranisus brunneus, Ceranisus claratris), Craspedothrips minor, Frankliniella (Frankliniella borinquen, Frankliniella intonsa, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei), Kakothrips pisivorus, Limothrips, Megalurothrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti, Megalurothrips usitatus), Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Retithrips syriacus, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips (Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips perseae), Tenothrips hispanicus, Thrips (Thrips alliorum, Thrips brevicornis, Thrips coloratus, Thrips flavus, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips major, Thrips palmi, Thrips subnudula, Thrips tabaci, Thrips trehernei), Zaniothrips ricini.

Biological control
Few attempts has been made to use Ceranisus menes in biological control programs with limited success. In 1932-1934, Ceranisus meneswas introduced from Japan into Hawaii for the control of Thrips tabaci (Sakimura 1937; Swezey et al. 1939). Attempts to introduce this parasitoid from India into Barbados for the management of Thrips tabaci failed. It was also introduced from Thailand and Japan into Florida for the management of Thrips palmi (Loomans & van Lenteren 1995).

Additional notes
Ceranisus menes is widely observed in Kenya and Uganda associated with crops like Tithonia diversifolia infested with Frankliniella borinquen and Frankliniella schultzei, tomato infested with Ceratothripoides brunneus and Frankliniella schultzei, mobydick infested with Frankliniella occidentalis, onion infested with Thrips tabaci, garden pea infested with Caliothrips phaseoli and French beans infested with Frankliniella schultzei and Frankliniella occidentalis. This parasitoid is distinctly absent in the coastal regions of Mombasa and Witu.
Under laboratory conditions, 80% parasitism by Ceranisus menes of Frankliniella intonsa has been obtained (Murai 1990). A maximum of 75% field parasitism of Thrips palmi was reported in Japan (Hirose et al. 1992). But parasitism rates of other region were not so high and differ according to temperature, the thrips species parasitized and origin and strain of the parasitoid (Loomans & van Lenteren 1995). Levels of parasitism are highly variable, depending on habitat and season and largely affected by climate and cultural practices. Below 20°C, parasitoids remain active, but development either stops or slows down related to their geographic origin, whereas thrips hosts still are able to reproduce (Loomans et al. 1997).

Biogeography

Cosmopolitan- in tropical, subtropical and temperate climate region. It is widely distributed in South and South East Asia, Japan, Korea, Russia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Dominican Republic, Chile, Hawaii, California, Europe, Africa. Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda.

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